Shortly thereafter, the invention of moveable type printing greatly reduced the cost of producing books, and the works of writers whose names are still known to the game - Luis Ramirez de Lucena (for whom the Lucena position in rook and pawn endings is incorrectly named), Ruy Lopez de Segura (who besides the opening that bears his name, developed quite a bit of theory on the Kings Gambit), Pedro Damiano (who advised AGAINST the unsound opening that today bears his name), and Gioachino Greco (for whom a major branch of the Giuoco Piano is named) - did a lot to standardize the game throughout Europe into almost the form known today.

The last major change to the movement of pieces came towards the 15th century, when the ferz was replaced by the queen, the queen and bishop acquired their modern movement and the two-square pawn push (along with en passant) were added. For example, later forms in Spain and Italy added the 'king's leap' where the unmoved king could jump laterally over any adjacent piece, a move that eventually evolved into modern castling. Shatranj subsquently entered Europe via Moorish Spain and Sicily in about the 10th century. Shatranj also gave us the word 'rook' for chaturanga's ratha, or chariot. Shatranj introduced pawn promotion (always to a Ferz, the predecessor of the queen) and altered the move of chaturanga's gaja or elephant, removing all of its moves aside from the two-square-diagonal jump, and renaming it 'pil' or 'alfil,' (the modern name of the bishop in Spanish). Chaturanga came to Persia from India in about the 7th century, where it evolved into shatranj. Phoenixshade edited came to Europe well before there was much direct contact with India, and long before English colonization.

Glyph chess game